As the amounts of electricity production from renewable energies increase in the electricity system, ancillary system services are getting greater attention. These services ensure the energy balance in the power system and have traditionally been delivered by central power stations. However, restructuring the power system requires new solutions and activation of alternative resources.
One of the important ancillary services is frequency control, which reacts fast to frequency deviations, which are a sign of imbalance between consumption and production in the power system. In 2008 Ea Energy Analyses participated in a theoretical project on “electricity demand as frequency controlled reserve” in corporation with the Centre for Electric Technology (CET) at the Technical University of Denmark. The project found good possibilities of incorporating the demand side as frequency controlled reserve. This can be achieved by disconnecting or connecting electricity consumption for a short period of time.
Together with the Centre for Electric Technology (CET) at the Technical University of Denmark, Østkraft, Danfoss and Vestfrost, Ea Energy Analyses participated in the project “Electricity demand as frequency controlled reserve – Implementation and practical demonstration”, which was financed by the EUDP 89 programme. The project was a three-year research project, carried out in the period from 2009 to 2012. The aim was to demonstrate the practical implementation of demand as frequency controlled reserve:
Apendix B: Demand as Frequency Controlled Reserve: Implementation and practical demonstration
Philip J. Douglass Student Member, IEEE, Rodrigo Garcia-Valle Member, IEEE, Preben Nyeng Member, IEEE, Jacob Østergaard Senior Member, IEEE, and Mikael Togeby
Apendix C: Electricity demand as frequency controlled reserve – experimental results
Apendix D: Smart Demand for Frequency Regulation: Experimental Results
Philip J. Douglass Student Member, IEEE, Rodrigo Garcia-Valle Senior Member, IEEE, Preben Nyeng Member, IEEE, Jacob Østergaard Senior Member, IEEE, and Mikael Togeby
Apendix E: Demand as Frequency Controlled Reserve: Water Treatment, Relay-Controlled Loads, Micro-grid
Philip J. Douglass Student Member, IEEE
Apendix F: Direct Load Control by AC Frequency Modulation
Philip J. Douglass and Shi You
Apendix G: Broadcast Communication by System Frequency Modulation
Philip J. Douglass, Shi You and Kai Heussen
Apendix H: System Frequency as Information Carrier in AC Power Systems
Philip J. Douglass Student Member, IEEE, Kai Heussen Member, IEEE, Shi You Member, IEEE, Jacob Østergaard Senior Member, IEEE